46273 REL 49: Contract Summary

SOW Report

Contract 46273 REL 49: 1988-053-03 EXP PARKDALE NOAA COMPARATIVE HATCHERY STUDY

Last Modified: Donald Larsen, 07/19/2012 11:50 AM
Basics

Project Number:

1988-053-03

Title:

Hood River Production Program Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)

BPA PM:

Peter Lofy

Stage:

Implementation

Area:

Province	Subbasin	%
Columbia Gorge	Hood	100.00%

Contract Number:

46273 REL 49

Contract Title:

1988-053-03 EXP PARKDALE NOAA COMPARATIVE HATCHERY STUDY

Contract Continuation:

Previous:	Next:
46273 REL 30: 1988-053-03 EXP PARKDALE NOAA COMPARATIVE HATCHERY STUDY	46273 REL 72: 1988-053-03 EXP PARKDALE NOAA COMPARATIVE HATCHERY STUDY

Contract Status:

Closed

Contract Description:

Background - This project has two sibling contracts, One with the University of Washington for sample analysis and some data analysis and this one with NOAA Fisheries for project organization, implementation and the majority of data analysis.

Objective I. Hood River Spring Chinook Salmon Smolt Quality

The Hood River, Oregon Salmon Production Program is co-managed by the Warm Springs Tribe (WS) and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) for supplementation of spring Chinook salmon in the Hood River system.  The current Master Plan for the Hood River Production Program (March 5, 2008 Draft) calls for a comparative hatchery release study designed to "provide co-managers with the best available information for determining a long term biologically sound and cost effective spring Chinook salmon production strategy for the Hood River Basin that balances harvest needs with ecological considerations".  Rearing fa... cilities, both inside and outside the basin, are being evaluated for long-term use in the Hood River spring Chinook supplementation program.  The objective of this evaluation is to conduct a multi-year (2008-2018) comparative study of Hood River spring Chinook reared at three different hatchery facilities prior to being moved to the West Fork Hood River for final acclimation and release.  The facilities include, Round Butte Hatchery/Pelton Ladder (RBH) on the Deschutes River, OR; Columbia Gorge Hatchery (CGH) a.k.a. Carson National Hatchery on the Wind River, WA; Parkdale Fish Facility (PFF) on the Hood River, OR.  Each year, starting Fall 2008, returning adults will be collected in the Hood River, artificially spawned at the PFF, and gametes will be distributed to each of the respective hatchery facilities for long term-rearing to the parr-smolt stage.   Starting in Spring 2010 uniquely tagged juveniles from each facility will be moved to the Moving Falls Acclimation Pond on the West Fork Hood River for acclimation and forced release in April.  The Hood River Master Plan calls for monitoring fish health, size at release, specific growth rates, rates of precocious male maturation (age-2 minijacks, age-3 jacks) and ultimately smolt-to-adult returns (SAR's) for each brood year/release group.  SAR's for all adult year classes from all brood years will be available starting in 2013 with final returns in 2018.   These data will be used to evaluate which hatchery facility/regime is optimum for future long-term implementation in the Hood River Supplementation program.

As part of the broader Revised Hood River Production Master Plan we will conduct the following Hood River Smolt Quality Monitoring and Evaluation Study.  The overall goals will be:

A.  Monitor spring growth and smolt development at all rearing sites.

B.  Provide comparative metrics of smolt quality between rearing sites.

Specifically, we will determine if differences in growth, smolt development and early male maturation, exist between Hood River spring Chinook salmon reared at RBH, PFF and CGH and subsequently released into the West Fork Hood River for three consecutive brood years (BY) 2008-2010 released in years 2010-2012. In addition, we will monitor Deschutes stock spring Chinook reared at RBH and released into the Deschutes River and Carson stock spring Chinook reared at CGH and released into the Wind River.  These measures will allow us to:

C.  Assess the effects on growth and smolt development of transferring fish from out of basin rearing facilities (RBH and CGH) to the acclimation release site at Moving Falls on the West Fork Hood River.

These physiological/life-history indices will provide early, predictable and replicated comparative data, before the acquisition of full SAR's from 2011-2015, for evaluating the three rearing regimes.  In addition, these metrics are independent of any potential alteration in ocean conditions that can produce variation in SAR's that are unrelated to freshwater rearing.  However, once SAR's are obtained we will be able to:

D.  Correlate physiological indices of growth and smolting to SAR to evaluate key factors responsible for potential differences in survival between release groups

This will allow us to:

E.  Evaluate rearing practices with regard to A, B and C to recommend "best" rearing practices and a long term rearing strategy for the HRPP. Results will be available for managers in late-2012 with the completion of our final comparative physiology report proposed in this SOW.  Final correlational analysis of physiological indicators with SAR's (D) will be conducted as adults return from 2011-2015.

NOTE for FY 13:

For the FY 2013 SOW under this Objective I we will complete data analysis from the BY 2010 samples collected during the previous contract period, and conduct data analysis from all three brood years (2008-2010) and compile a summary report of these results for comanagers.
As of the writing of this SOW, the Hood River, Oregon Production Program co-managers have made some programmatic decisions based on results from this project to focus Hood River spring Chinook salmon rearing at Pelton Ladder, Parkdale Fish Facility with potential for longer term in basin rearing at the recently completed Moving Falls Acclimation Facilty on the West Fork fo the Hood River.  Rearing of Hood River spring Chinook at Carson hatchery was discontinued.  Rearing and release strategies for the BY 2011 fish are being finalized at this time.  During this contract period we will conduct spring (pre-release) physiological evaluation (adiposity, smolt, minijack)  of each separate rearing group produced (Pelton Ladder, Parkdale, Moving Falls) in the Hood Program to determine the best strategy or combination of strategies for future production.

Objective II.  Hood River Steelhead Trout Residualism Monitoring

          Like spring Chinook salmon, steelhead trout display significant phenotypic plasticity in both the age of smolting and age of maturation.  Hatchery-reared steelhead may adopt one of three life history pathways after release: 1) smolt and migrate to sea 2) sexually mature and remain in freshwater and attempt to spawn naturally (primarily males), or 3) "residualize" as a non-smolting and non-maturing parr and delay migration or maturation 'decisions' until the subsequent year(s).   The objective of this work is to use a series of recently developed physiological indices to quantify residualism rates of the steelhead trout population supplemented in to the Hood River by WS and ODFW.  These fish are from Hood River natural origin brood stock reared at Oak Springs Hatchery on the Deschutes River, OR and released in to the Hood River in May of each spring.  After transfer of the fish from Oak Springs to the Hood River we will collect 300 fish and sample them for length, weight, condition factor, pituitary glands for measurement of mRNA levels of reproductive hormones, plasma for measurement of 11-ketotestosterone and gonad tissue for mRNA measurement of reprodutive hormones and histological analysis.  Finally, we will collect gills for determination of Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity as an indicator of smoltification.  These indicese will be examined in a multifactorial analysis to catagorize fish into thier respective life-histories.  These data will be used to help determine rates of residualism in Hood River steelhead and to potentially help modify rearing regimes for these fish to minimize residualism rates.  This work will be conducted with S1 steelhead over three consecutive brood years for the reasons outlined above: BY 2011-2013 released in 2012-2014.

Account Type(s):

Expense

Contract Start Date:

12/01/2012

Contract End Date:

11/30/2013

Current Contract Value:

$70,000

Expenditures:

$70,000

* Expenditures data includes accruals and are based on data through 31-Mar-2025.

BPA CO:

Kristi Van Leuven (Inactive)

BPA COR:

Richard Golden Jr (Inactive)

Env. Compliance Lead:

Kurt Unger (Inactive)

Contract Contractor:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - NATIMARI00

Work Order Task(s):

WO: 00036360, Task: 1

Contract Type:

Release

Pricing Method:

Cost Reimbursement (CNF)

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Contract Contacts

Full Name	Organization	Write Permission	Contact Role	Email	Work Phone
Christopher Brun	Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs	Yes	Interested Party	cbrun@hrecn.net	(541) 352-3548
Richard Golden Jr	Bonneville Power Administration	Yes	COR	rlgolden@bpa.gov	(503) 230-5119
Donald Larsen	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	Yes	Contract Manager	don.larsen@noaa.gov	(206) 799-4476
John Skidmore	Bonneville Power Administration	Yes	F&W Approver	jtskidmore@bpa.gov	(503) 230-5494
Penny Swanson	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	No	Supervisor	penny.swanson@noaa.gov	(206) 860-3282
Kurt Unger	Bonneville Power Administration	Yes	Env. Compliance Lead	klunger@bpa.gov	(503) 230-5885
Kristi Van Leuven	Bonneville Power Administration	Yes	Contracting Officer	kjvleuven@bpa.gov	(503) 230-3605

Statement Of Work (SOW)

Viewing 10 of 10 Work Statement Elements


Sort Order	WSEV ID	WE ID	Work Element Name	Title	Description	WSE Effective Budget	% of Total WSE Effective Budget	WSE Start	WSE End


A	106173	185	Produce CBFish Status Report	Periodic Status Reports for BPA	The Contractor shall report on the status of milestones and deliverables in Pisces. Reports shall be completed either monthly or quarterly as determined by the BPA COTR. Additionally, when indicating a deliverable milestone as COMPLETE, the contractor shall provide metrics and the final location (latitude and longitude) prior to submitting the report to the BPA COTR.	$500	0.71%	04/01/2013	11/30/2013
B	106174	165	Produce Environmental Compliance Documentation	BPA environmental compliance	The Hood River Production Program operates under the Hood River Fisheries Project Final Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0241) completed in 1996 by BPA.	$0	0.00%	12/01/2012	12/01/2012
C	106175	119	Manage and Administer Projects	Administration of BPA contract	Coordinate fiscal details and logistics with CTWS. Implement activities required for contract administration including: 1) preparation of Statement of Work and inventory reports; 2) responding to data requests; 3) maintenance of financial records, 4) preparation of accrual estimates, 5) purchasing of equipment and supplies, 6) maintenance of field equipment; 7) budget tracking; 8) state and federally mandated training requirements.	$1,000	1.43%	12/01/2012	11/30/2013
D	106176	157	Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data	Hood River Spring Chinook Production Program Comparative smolt quality monitoring-BY 2011	The objective of this work element in FY 13 is to conduct a pre-release comparative physiological evaluation of brood year 2011 Hood River spring Chinook salmon reared at RBH, PFF, and Moving Falls (MF). Rationale Growth and energetics As poikilotherms, growth rate/size in fish is dictated by water temperature and ration. The water temperature regimes at the three proposed rearing facilities are quite different; ranging from a seasonally variable 3-14C in the Pelton ladder at RBH, 2-5C seasonally variable but not to exceed 8.8C at PFF and the temperature at the Moving Falls acclimation pond averages 3-7C in March-April. Consequently, growth rates at particular times of the year may vary significantly between facilities. The most notable extreme being the move of RBH fish from temperatures in March approaching 8-10C in the Pelton Ladder to 2-4C at the acclimation pond. Previous studies examining growth profiles in Deschutes River spring Chinook salmon stocks from the Warm Springs, Round Butte and Pelton Ladder populations showed significant differences in size, growth rate, smolt development and ultimately SAR’s associated with the various thermal/growth regimes experienced by each of the populations (Beckman et al. 1999). In that study, fish from the Pelton Ladder that experienced the highest spring growth rates at the time of smolting (not necessarily the largest fish which were from Round Butte) had the highest SAR’s. Furthermore, high spring growth rates have been correlated with enhanced smolt migratory activity, thus providing a behavioral linkage between growth and survival as well (Beckman et al. 1998). It should be noted that size of fish at release has been shown to be an important factor influencing SAR’s in both hatchery fish (Bilton 1984; Martin and Wertheimer 1989; Virtanenen et al. 1991; Farmer 1994; Lundqvist et al. 1994) and wild fish (Ward and Slaney 1988; Ward et al. 1989; Henderson and Cass 1991). However, size alone is a nonspecific attribute that provides no information on when the growth occurred (i.e. before spring) and does not always correlate well with smolt attributes (Wagner et al. 1969; Zaugg 1981,1982). Taken together, an integral part of the M&E process will be monitoring not only release size but, growth rates from autumn to spring. Furthermore, we will collect a subset of fish carcasses for determining whole body lipid levels as an indicator of adiposity/energetic status. Smolt Quality Smoltification is a central developmental transition for juvenile salmonids involving morphological, physiological and behavioral changes that transfom a freshwater dwelling parr into a seawater adapted smolt. It is commonly held that ATPase activity provides one of the best physiological indicators of smolt development and positive correlations between ATPase activity and SAR’s have also been demonstrated in numerous studies (Zaugg 1989; Zaugg and Mahnken 1991; Ewing and Birks 1992; Beckman et al. 1999). It should be noted that in the Deschutes hatchery study conducted by Beckman et al. (1999) numerous common smolt and growth related physiological indices were examined for their relationship to SAR’s including: size, spring growth rate, condition factor (K), plasma hormone concentrations of thyroxine, cortisol and IGF-I, stress challenge, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and liver glycogen. Only spring growth, plasma IGF-I and gill ATPase were significantly correlated with SAR’s. Minijack Maturation In Spring Chinook salmon, male maturation can occur at age 1 (precocious parr), 2 (minijacks), 3 (jacks) 4 or 5 years post fertilization; the age being influenced by both genetic (Silverstein and Hershberger 1992; Hankin et al. 1993; Heath et al. 1994; Unwin et al. 1999) and environmental factors including body size, growth rate, and body lipid level (Silverstein et al. 1997; 1998; Shearer and Swanson 2000; Campbell et al. 2003; Larsen et al 2004, 2006; Shearer et al. 2006). Several of the aforementioned studies have demonstrated that the male maturation process for any given age class is physiologically initiated approximately one year prior to spawning in autumn. Precocious male maturation is not considered common in wild populations of Chinook salmon (Gebhards 1960; James et al. 1998; Pearsons et al. 2004; Conner et al. 2005), but may be prevalent in some hatchery stocks (Foote et al. 1991; Zimmerman et al. 2003; Larsen et al. 2004; Beckman and Larsen 2005; Conner et al. 2005). Thus, the hatchery rearing regime can have a significant impact on rates of phenotypic expression. In fact, as noted in Objective 1 and 2 above, while high growth rate in the spring is necessary for optimal smolt development high growth at other times of year (i.e. the previous autumn) may significantly increase rates of early male maturation (Larsen et al 2004, 2006; Shearer et al. 2006). Unnaturally high rates of precocious male maturation are undesirable in supplementation programs as these fish may compete for food and habitat with native stocks, influence genetic selection in the population, skew gender ratios in returning anadromous adults, result in potential loss of anadromous adult production, and significantly alter the accuracy of SAR estimates since a large proportion of presumed smolts being released are in fact not smolts but minijacks. In an on-going monitoring effort at the Cle Elum Supplementation Hatchery on the Yakima River, WA we reported minijacks rates approaching 50% of male fish at the time of release (Larsen et al. 2004) and we have confirmed similarly high rates in other Columbia River stocks as well including Lookingglass (Lostine, Imnaha), Methow and Leavenworth Hatcheries (Larsen et al. unpublished). In these census studies, we measured plasma levels of the reproductive androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in fish just prior to release in March-April to identify male fish that were either immature parr or early maturing minijacks five to six months prior to spermiation in September. In teleost fish, this hormone is instrumental in initiation of spermatogenesis (Miura et al 1994; Amer et al. 2001). Thus, elevations of this hormone in blood provide a reliable indicator of the earliest signs of the initiation of the male maturation process. While 11-KT levels are used to determine if fish are maturing as minijacks prior to release from the hatchery. Maturation at age-1 (precocious parr) can be estimated in the first autumn using simple visual examination and milt expression with out sacrificing the fish. In the Hood River Production Program, minijacks have represented a significant proportion of the returning adults to Powerdale Dam in some years (Olsen 2007). In Deschutes origin fish reared from brood years 1991 to 2002, minijacks have represented from 0 to 38% of all returning adults (avg. 14%) including 182 minijacks in BY 1997 (0.15% of release), 918 in BY 1998 (0.67% of release). Furthermore, the fact that gender ratios of returning 4 and 5 year old hatchery adults strongly favor females in most years suggests that a significant number of Hood River production males may be maturing as minijacks as well (Olsen 2007). Underwood et al. (2003), in a review of the Hood River Production Program, suggested that unusually high rates of minijack production hindered meeting adult spring Chinook salmon production goals in the Hood River system. Rates of age-1 maturation in this stock are unknown. As a result, the Hood River Production Master Plan calls for monitoring of precocious male maturation in this program. It is important to note that estimates of minijack rates based on adult returns do not provide actual rates of minijack production since they do not account for mortality associated with downstream migration (estimated for example at 41-69% for yearling spring Chinook salmon smolts released into the upper Snake River that migrated below Bonneville Dam between 1993 and 1999; Williams et al. 2001), mortality associated with upstream migration of minijacks (estimated at 50% between Bonneville Dam and McNary dams, Beckman and Larsen 2006) or mortality associated with 4-5 months of in-stream residence prior to spawning. The only true measure of precocious maturation can be obtained through a census of precocious parr in the first autumn and minijack production in a pre-release census of a statistically representative number of male fish prior to release. Results from the previous three years of evaluation provided insight in to the devlelopmental progression of physiological change in differentially reared Hood River spring Chinook stocks. The final pre-release sampling conducted with 300 fish from each population provided the most accurate census of life-history composition (sex, smolt quality, minijack rate). In FY 13, each rearing group at RBH, PFF, and MF will be evaluated just prior to release for smolt quality based on gill ATPase activity, minijack maturation rate based on plasma 11-KT levels, and growth and energetic status (growth rate from autumn census conducted by WS and spring census described here, size, energetic status based on body lipid level). Methods Fish Collections: Sampling for this project will take place in April 2013. 300 Hood River origin fish from each facility (RBH, PFF, MF) will be collected by dip-net, individually anesthetized in a buffered solution of 0.05% tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222, Argent Chemical Laboratories, Redmond, WA), weighed to the nearest 0.1g and measured for fork length to the nearest 1.0 mm. Sex and state of maturation will be determined by visual observation Carcasses from 50 fish from each population will be analyzed for whole body lipid via the method of Beckman et al. (unpublished) via the inverse of body moisture. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity: Gill tissue will be sampled from 50 fish from each population. Filaments from 3 gill arches will be placed in a solution of sucrose, EDTA, and imidazole according to methods described by Zaugg (1982) and then frozen on dry ice and stored at -80 ûC. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activities will be measured using the method of McCormick (1993) and all values are reported in units of mmole PO4 x mg pro -1 x hr -1. Minijack screening Sex and state of maturational development will be visually assessed as follows: Immature female fish are identified by the gonad having an anterior thickening with a granular appearance. Immature male fish are identified by the gonad having a thin, clear, threadlike appearance with a diameter less than approximately 0.5 mm throughout the entire length. Precociously maturing males are identified by the gonad being opaque and having an anterior thickening of greater than approximately 1.0-1.5 mm (depending on date) and a smooth surface texture. It should be noted that these visual assessments provide preliminary estimates but, confirmation by 11-KT analysis at this early stage of development is required. Blood samples will be collected from the severed caudal vessel into heparinized Natelson tubes (VWR Scientific), centrifuged for 3 minutes at 3000 G, and stored frozen at -80C. Plasma 11-KT levels will determined in all male samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) according to the method of Cuisset et al. (1994). Approximately 150 males per population = 450 samples analyzed for 11-KT. References Amer, M.A., T. Miura, C. Miura, and K. Yamauchi. 2001. Involvement of sex steroid hormone in early stages of spermatogenesis in Japanese huchen (Hucho perryi). Biology of Reproduction 65:1057-1066. Beckman, B. R. and W. W. Dickhoff. 1998. Plasticity of smolting in spring Chinook salmon: relation to growth and insulin-like growth factor-I. Journal of Fish Biology 53:808-826. Beckman, B. R., D. A. Larsen, C. Sharpe, B. Lee-Pawlak, and W. W. Dickhoff. 2000. Physiological status of naturally-rearing juvenile chinook salmon in the Yakima River: seasonal dynamics and changes associated with the parr-smolt transformation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:727-753. Beckman, B.R. and Larsen D.A. 2005. Up-stream migration of PIT-tagged Age 2 (minijack) Chinook salmon in the Columbia River: behavior, abundance, distribution, and origin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 134:1520-1541. Beckman, B.R., and ten coauthors. 1999. Growth, smoltification, and smolt-to-adult return of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from hatcheries on the Deschutes River, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:1125-1150. Beckman, B.R., Larsen, D.A, Lee Pawlak, B., and Dickhoff, W.W. 1998. The relationship of fish size and growth to migratory tendencies of Spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 18:537-546. Bilton, H. T. 1984. Returns of chinook salmon in relation to juvenile size at release. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1245. Campbell, B., J. T. Dickey, and P. Swanson. 2003. Endocrine changes during onset of puberty in male spring Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Biology of Reproduction 69:2109-2117. Conner, W. P., J. G. Sneva, K. F. Tiffan, R. K. Steinhorst, and D. Ross. 2005. Two alternative juvenile life history types for fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 134:291-304. Cuisset, B., P. Pradelles, D.E. Kime, E.R. Kuhn, P. Babin, F. Le Menn. 1994. Enzyme immunoassay for 11-ketotestosterone using acetylcholinesterase as label. Application to the measurement of 11-ketotstosterone in plasma of Siberian sturgeon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 108:229-241. Ewing, R. D., and E. K. Birks. 1982. Criteria for parrÐsmolt transformation in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture 28:185Ð194. Farmer, G. F. 1994. Some factors which influence the survival of hatchery Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts utilized for enhancement purposes. Aquaculture 121:223-233. Foote, C. J., W. C. Clarke, and J. Blackburn. 1991. Inhibition of smolting in precocious male chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:1848-1852. Gebhards, S.V. 1960. Biological notes on precocious male chinook salmon parr in the Salmon River drainage, Idaho. Progressive Fish Culturist 22:121-123. Hankin, D.G., J.W. Nicholas, and T. W. Downey. 1993. Evidence for inheritance of age of maturity in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:347-358. Heath, D.D., R. H. Devlin, J. W. Heath, and G. K. Iwama. 1994. Genetic, environmental and interaction effects on the incidence of jacking in Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon). Heredity 72:146-154. Henderson, M. A., and A. J. Cass. 1991. Effect of smolt size on smolt-to-adult survival for Chilko Lake sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:988-994. James, B.B., T.N. Pearsons, G. A. McMichael. 1998. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Spring Chinook Salmon Interactions Indices and Residual/Precocial Monitoring in the Upper Yakima Basin, Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract No. 1995B164878, Project No. 9506409. (https://efw.bpa.gov/cgi-bin/efw/FW/publications.cgi) (Available from the Bonneville Power Administration, P.O. Box 3621, Portland, OR 97208). Larsen, D.A., B. R. Beckman, K. A. Cooper, D. Barrett, M. Johnston, P. Swanson, and W. W. Dickhoff. 2004. Assessment of high rates of precocious male maturation in a spring Chinook salmon supplementation hatchery program. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:98-120. Larsen, D.A., Beckman, B.R., Strom, C.R., Parkins, P.J., Cooper, K.A., Fast, D.E., and Dickhoff, W.W. 2006. Growth modulation alters the incidence of early male maturation and physiological development of hatchery reared spring Chinook salmon: a comparison with wild fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 135:1017-1032. Lundqvist, H., S. McKinnell, H. Fangstrom, and I. Berglund. 1994. The effect of time, size and sex on recapture rates and yield after river releases of Salmo salar smolts. Aquaculture 121:245-257. Martin, R. M. and A. Wertheimer. 1989. Adult production of Chinook salmon reared at different densities and released as two smolt sizes. Progressive Fish-Culturist 51:194-200. McCormick, S. D. 1993. Methods for nonlethal gill biopsy and measurement of Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 50:656-658. Miura, T., T. Kobayashi, and Y. Nagahama. 1994. Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis in the Japanese eel (Anquilla japonica). Pages 631-635. in K. G. Davey, editor. Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology. National Research Council. Ottawa, Canada. Olsen, E. 2007. Hood River and Pelton Ladder evaluation studies. Annual Report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Project 1988Ð053-04, Report Document ID #P106821. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. Available: www.bpa.gov. Pearsons, T., C. Johnson., B. James, and G. Temple. 2004. Spring Chinook salmon interactions indices and residual/precocial monitoring in the upper Yakima basin. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract No. 100013756, Report DOE/BP-00013756-5. (Available from the Bonneville Power Administration, P.O. Box 3621, 905 N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, OR 97208). Shearer, K. D., P. Parkins, B. Gadberry, B. R. Beckman, and P. Swanson. 2006. The effects of growth rate/body size and a low lipid diet on the incidence of early sexual maturation in male spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture 252:545-556. Shearer, K.D. and P. Swanson. 2000. The effect of whole body lipid on early sexual maturation of 1+ age male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture 190:343-367. Shimizu, M., P. Swanson, P., F. Haruhisa, A. Hara, and W. W. Dickhoff. 2000. Comparison of extraction methods and assay validation for salmon insulin-like growth factor-I using commercially available components. General and Comparative Endocrinology 119:26-36. Silverstein, J. T., and W. K. Hershberger. 1992. Precocious maturation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): estimation of the additive genetic variance. Journal of Heredity 83: 282-286. Silverstein, J. T., H. Shimma, and H. Ogata. 1997. Early maturity in amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masu ishikawai): an association with energy storage. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 54:444-451. Silverstein, J.T., K. D. Shearer, W. W. Dickhoff, and E.M. Plisetskaya. 1998. Effects of growth and fatness on sexual development of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) parr. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:2376-2382. Underwood, K., C. Chapman, N. Ackerman, K. Witty, S. Cramer, and M. Hughes. 2003. Hood River production program review. Bonneville Power Administration, Report DEO/BP-000101531-1, Portland, Oregon. Available: www.bpa.gov. Unwin, M.J., M. T. Kinnison, and T. P. Quinn. 1999. Exceptions to semelparity: Postmaturation, survival, morphology, and energetics of male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56: 1172-1181. Virtanen, E., L. Soderholm-Tana, A. Soivio, L. Forsman, and M. Muona. 1991. Effect of physiological condition and smoltification status at smolt release on subsequent catches of adult salmon. Aquaculture 97:231-257. Wagner, H. H., F. P. Conte, and J. L. Fessler. 1969. Development of osmotic and ionic regulation in two races of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 29:325Ð341. Ward, B. R. and P. A. Slaney. 1988. Life history and smolt-to-adult survival of Keogh River steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the relationship to smolt size. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:1110-1122.	$20,000	28.57%	12/01/2012	11/30/2013
E	106177	157	Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data	Hood River Steelhead Residual monitoring	The objective of this Work Element is to determine residualism rates in Hood River Steelhead Background Hatchery-reared steelhead may adopt one of three life history pathways after release: 1) smolt and migrate to sea 2) sexually mature and remain in freshwater and attempt to spawn naturally, or 3) "residualize" as a non-smolting and non-maturing parr and delay migration or maturation 'decisions' until the subsequent year(s). The physiological 'decision' to mature in freshwater or undergo smoltification and migrate to sea is commonly described as a conditional strategy under polygenic control in which expression of a given phenotype depends on exceeding some genetically determined threshold (Roff 1996). This phenomenon has been thoroughly described in Atlantic salmon where studies have shown that individuals whose size, growth rate and/or energetic condition exceeds some genetically determined threshold are more likely to mature precociously (Myers and Hutchings 1986, Aubin-Horth and Dodson 2004, Pich et al. 2008). A similar threshold mechanism likely determines whether a fish undergoes smoltification or remains as a non-maturing parr as well (Thorpe et al. 1998, Thorpe 2007). Maturation In another study in the Methow River basin under BPA project # 1993-056-00 steelhead residualism rates are currently being examined. In this investigation, we are applying the same methods to measure a suite of physiological indicators to predict age-at-maturity in hatchery-reared steelhead approximatley one year prior to spermiation. The hallmark of initiation of maturation in males is activation of the brain-pitutiary-gonad axis (BPG), or more specifically, enhanced production and release of gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) by the brain, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland and 11-KT by the testis (Campbell et al. 2003, and reviewed by Schulz et al. 2010, Taranger et al. 2010). The activation of the BPG axis causes the rapid proliferation of spermatogonia, the first phase of spermatogenesis that precedes meiosis (Schulz et al. 2010). Antimullerian hormone (AMH) is a growth factor produced in Sertoli cells in the testis that inhibits the differentiation and proliferation of spermatogonia (reviewed in Schulz et al. 2010) and a decline in AMH is required for spermatogenesis to proceed. Thus, initiation of maturation of males can be detected at the very earliest stages, by monitoring several points of the reproductive axis for the following changes: 1) increases in mRNA or protein levels for hypothalamic GnRH, pituitary FSH and LH, and testicular steroidogenesis related genes; 2) decreases in mRNA levels of AMH in the testis; 3) increases in plasma levels of 11-KT; and 4) enhanced proliferation of spermatogonia in the testis. Theoretically the earliest changes should occur at higher levels of the endocrine cascade. Increases in FSH and LH and testicular steroidogenesis related genes and decreases in testicular AMH precede the increase in 11-KT levels, making these parameters useful as a monitoring tool to identify maturing males at earlier time points to identify male steelhead that would mature one year (or less for Winter Run stocks) after release from the hatchery. Smoltification Determining which fish are in fact smolts versus immature male or female parr is another essential step in accurately quantifying rates of residualism. Unlike efforts to detect early male maturation 12 months in advance of spermiation, a large portion of the hatchery fish sampled just prior to release are typically at the peak of smolting and physiological indicators at the level of the pituitary and the gill may be employed to detect individuals that are not smolts (see Folmar and Dickhoff 1981, Beckman et al. 1999). Two potential targets are the thyroid axis and the gill Na+, K+ ATPase system. Dickhoff et al. (1982) demonstrated that thyroid hormones are elevated in steelhead at the time of smolting. We propose to measure mRNA for the pituitary hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates activation of the thyroid axis and as part of our transcript analysis for LH and FSH, we will analye pituitary TSH mRNA levels. The up-regulation of gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity is considered a benchmark indicator of smoltification and Ewing et al. (1984) demonstrated that gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity was higher in migrant versus non-migrant steelhead. Methods Sample collection In May 2013 we will sample 300 randomly selected steelhead at Parkdale Fish Facility. Individual fish will be anesthetized with buffered 0.05% tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222, Argent Chemical Laboratories, Redmond, WA) for blood collection and then euthanized by decapitation. We will use a smolt index with 3 rating categories. A value of "1" will be assigned to fish that have not smolted and still retain the physical characteristics of parr. A value of "2" will be assigned to fish that have not fully smolted, but are beginning to show indications of smoltification such as parr marks beginning to fade and development of silver coloration. A value of "3" will be assigned to fully smolted fish, indicated by complete silver coloration, absence of parr marks, and blackening of the snout, and edges of the dorsal and caudal fin. Prior to blood collection, fish will be weighed (g) to the nearest 0.1 g and measured for fork length (mm). Blood will be collected from the caudal vasculature using heparinized Natelson tubes after severing the caudal peduncle with a single-edge razor blade, stored on ice and then centrifuged at 800 x g for 5 min. Plasma will be removed and stored frozen on dry ice until transport to the laboratory where it is stored at -80 degrees C. Gill arches from each fish will be placed in a solution of sucrose, EDTA, and imidazole according to methods described by Zaugg (1982) and then frozen on dry ice and stored at -80 C for enzyme analysis. Fish will be dissected to identify gender and stage of maturity for males. Paired testes will be removed and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g. One testis will be fixed in 0.5 ml of Histochoice (AMRESCO, Solon, OH) in a 1.5 ml polypropylene microfuge tube for histological analysis. The other testis will be preserved in 0.5 ml RNAlater (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) in a 1.5 ml polypropylene microfuge tube for analysis of mRNAs for genes associated with spermatogenesis. Pituitary glands will be removed and preserved in 0.5 ml RNAlater for analysis of mRNAs for gonadotropin subunits. Tissue samples will be transported to the NWFSC laboratory in Seattle and after one week in RNAlater, the solution will be removed and tissues stored at -80 degrees C. Testis samples will be preserved in Davidson's fixative for two days then transferred to 70% ethanol for long-term storage. All samples will be analyzed under a sibling contract with the University of Washington.	$20,000	28.57%	12/01/2012	11/30/2013
F	106178	162	Analyze/Interpret Data	Analyze Hood River Spring Chinook smolt quality data-3 year evaluation	Compile summary report of three year comparative study of HRPP for brood years 2008-2010 Hood River spring Chinook salmon reared at RBH, PFF, and CGH and Carson stock reared at Carson and Deschutes stock reared at RBH for comparative analysis. Factors examined include: length, weigh, sex, growth rate, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, plasma IGF-I, whole body lipid levels and precocious male maturation status at age-1 and age-2. Analyses included ANOVA, and simple regression. Interpretation includes examination of population and site specific trends, rearing effects on life-history trajectory, annual variation.	$5,000	7.14%	12/01/2012	11/30/2013
G	106747	162	Analyze/Interpret Data	Analyze Hood River Spring Chinook smolt quality data - BY 2011 production groups	This work element specifically pertains to interpretation of data compiled under WE D ID 157 (Hood River Spring Chinook Production Programs Comparative smolt quality monitoring - BY 2011). Data will be collected from Hood River spring Chinook reared at RBF, PFF and MF. Analysis includes compilation of all sex, length, weight, K data collected during sampling, results form all assays conducted via the sibling University of Washington contract for analysis of gill ATPase activity, plasma 11-KT and whole body lipid. Graphics, statistical analysis and preliminary interpretation of all data collected in April 2013 will be compiled for inclusion in the annual report	$5,000	7.14%	12/01/2012	11/30/2013
H	106179	162	Analyze/Interpret Data	Analyze Hood River Steelhead Residualism data-BY12	All data will be collected on pre-formatted data sheets by hand and entered into electronic spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel). Data will be double-checked for accuracy. Data will be analyzed and graphed electronically (Prism and PowerPoint). Data will be Analyze and interpret data collected under Item E Work element 157 for length, weight, condition factor, smolt status, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, plasma T4 and 11-KT levels, transctipt levels for LH, FSH, AMH in Hood River steelhead trout. The following methods will be used for data analysis of for each parameter studies: Data Analysis: To determine the proportions of hatchery residuals frequency distributions on all physiological data will be performed and tested for modality. Maturing males will be identified by those individuals with levels of 11-KT, FSH and LH two standard deviations above the mean of the lower mode. Plasma 11-KT levels will be log10 transformed to aid in detection of bi-modality in the frequency distribution of the data (see Larsen et al 2004). Principal components analysis or similar method may be employed to further refine catagorization of the three major steelhead life-histories (parr, smolt, residual). Larsen, D.A., B. R. Beckman, K. A. Cooper, D. Barrett, M. Johnston, P. Swanson, and W. W. Dickhoff. 2004. Assessment of high rates of precocious male maturation in a spring Chinook salmon supplementation hatchery program. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:98-120.	$3,500	5.00%	12/01/2012	11/30/2013
I	106180	132	Produce Progress (Annual) Report	Annual report for 12/1/12 - 11/30/13	Prepare an annual report summarizing data and interpretation for three brood years of HRPP spring Chinook monitoring and evaluation (BYs 2008-2010) . Provide an estimate of rates of residualism and related results for BY 11 and BY 12 Hood River winter steelhead will be provided.	$5,000	7.14%	09/01/2013	11/30/2013
J	106840	141	Produce Other Reports	Final Report for Spring Chinook Production Program 3 yr. Comparative smolt quality study	Write final report of 3 year Hood River spring Chinook salmon smolt quality evaluation for HRPP	$10,000	14.29%	11/01/2013	11/30/2013


						$70,000

Deliverable Status

Deliverable Title	WSE Sort Letter, Number, Title	End	Concluded
Environmental compliance	B: 165. BPA environmental compliance	12/01/2012	12/01/2012
Manage and adminiter BPA project	C: 119. Administration of BPA contract	11/30/2013	11/30/2013
HRPP smolt quality and minijack monitoring	D: 157. Hood River Spring Chinook Production Program Comparative smolt quality monitoring-BY 2011	04/30/2013	04/30/2013
Hood River steelhead residual monitoring	E: 157. Hood River Steelhead Residual monitoring	05/31/2013	05/31/2013
Hood River Spring Chinook Summary Report	F: 162. Analyze Hood River Spring Chinook smolt quality data-3 year evaluation	11/28/2013	11/28/2013
Hood River Spring Chinook BY 2011 smolt quality and minijack monitoring	G: 162. Analyze Hood River Spring Chinook smolt quality data - BY 2011 production groups	11/30/2013	11/30/2013
Analyze brood year 2012 steelhead residualism data	H: 162. Analyze Hood River Steelhead Residualism data-BY12	10/31/2013	10/31/2013
FY 2013 Annual Report	I: 132. Annual report for 12/1/12 - 11/30/13	10/15/2013	10/15/2013
HRPP Spring Chinook Comparison Final Summary Report	J: 141. Final Report for Spring Chinook Production Program 3 yr. Comparative smolt quality study	11/30/2013	11/30/2013

Viewing of Implementation Metrics


Sort Order	WE ID	Work Element Name	Title	Description	Metric ID	Metric	End Fiscal Year	Planned	Actual	Contractor Comments	All Measures	Annual Progress Report Measures	Populations

Viewing of Environmental Metrics Customize


WSE ID	WSE Start	WSE End	WE ID	Title	WSE Progress	Study Plan	Protocol	Category	Subcategory	Focus 1	Focus 2	Specific Metric Title

Focal Species

Primary Focal Species	Work Statement Elements
Chinook (O. tshawytscha) - Lower Columbia River ESU (Threatened)	1 instance of WE 157 Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data 2 instances of WE 162 Analyze/Interpret Data
Steelhead (O. mykiss) - Lower Columbia River DPS (Threatened)	1 instance of WE 162 Analyze/Interpret Data
Steelhead (O. mykiss) - Middle Columbia River DPS (Threatened)	1 instance of WE 157 Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data

Environmental Compliance

Sort	WE ID	WE Title	Completed
A	185	Periodic Status Reports for BPA	12/01/2012
B	165	BPA environmental compliance	12/01/2012
C	119	Administration of BPA contract	12/01/2012
D	157	Hood River Spring Chinook Production Program Comparative smolt quality monitoring-BY 2011	12/01/2012
E	157	Hood River Steelhead Residual monitoring	12/01/2012
F	162	Analyze Hood River Spring Chinook smolt quality data-3 year evaluation	12/01/2012
G	162	Analyze Hood River Spring Chinook smolt quality data - BY 2011 production groups	12/01/2012
H	162	Analyze Hood River Steelhead Residualism data-BY12	12/01/2012
I	132	Annual report for 12/1/12 - 11/30/13	12/01/2012
J	141	Final Report for Spring Chinook Production Program 3 yr. Comparative smolt quality study	12/01/2012

Reports

SOW Report

Please correct the errors noted below.

Last Modified: Donald Larsen, 07/19/2012 11:50 AM Basics

Last Modified: Donald Larsen, 07/19/2012 11:50 AM
Basics